The 24-year-old has been struggling to concrete a place in the first team at Pride Park over the last 12 months and the Italians made a firm offer.
The Naples outfit, who were relegated last season, wanted Burton on loan until December, but Derby have rejected the offer.
"There was a lot of chasing by agents, but the deal did not look right for us and so we turned it down," said manager Jim Smith.
It remains to be seen whether the Italian outfit will launch another bid for the former Portsmouth ace.
Meanwhile, Derby are bracing themselves for an approach from Aston Villa for goalkeeping coach Eric Steele.
Villa are keen to land Steele to replace Paul Barron who left Villa Park to join Middlesbrough earlier this month, but Smith is determined to keep Steele having lost reserve coach Steve Round to Boro.
"They are coming in strongly, but I don't want Eric to go," said Smith. "He is one of the best in the business."
